Question 1.
Let us assume a friend says that she always plays soccer well when she has “Mountain Dew” 15 minutes before she plays. Can this claim be called one that is scientifically based? No, since the friend’s claim is a personal theory, which lacks scientific basis or evidence, and therefore cannot be described as an objective scientific claim. In other words, it is only a suggested explanation of what the friend observes in her behavior during play time according to how she understands the cause and effect of her playing skill. For this claim to have some scientific basis, it should be experimentally tested. The friend’s claim could be tested by evaluating her performance in, let us suppose, 3 soccer matches, before which she drinks the “Mountain Dew”, three matches, before which she drinks a substitute drink, thinking it to be a “Mountain Dew”, three soccer matches, before which she drinks another soda drink, and three matches with drinking nothing one hour before the game. Before each match the friend would be interviewed on how she spent the previous day before the match, how well she slept, what she ate, how she interacted with other people at home and at work. If the results of the experiment show that during the first three matches her coach gave a high esteem of her play and during the rest of the games she was not as much successful (with all other conditions being equal, like same food, rest and emotional state), then her claim could be said to be experimentally tested and therefore carry some scientific evidence. In all other options, the friend’s explanation will lack experimentally proven grounds.
Question 2.
Both scientists and painters are interested in achieving a result – scientific (proving or discarding of a theory, an innovation, a breakthrough in understanding the world) or creative (a painted picture that would satisfy the painter’s taste). Both take a certain time to complete their project (accomplish an experiment or paint a picture) – they are not done in a moment. Both need to study to be able to undertake and complete their projects. The accomplishments of them both can be either highly valued at once or understood only sometime after they were made, or publicly disregarded.
Question3.
Both scientists and sales people are involved in business – scientists design and discover things that salespeople will later sell. Both “sell” something- scientists want their theories or innovations to be taken and accepted (e.g. the theory of evolution), salespeople want their goods to be bought. Both of them become important and famous if what they “sell” becomes popular and generally accepted. Finally, they both seek to come up with something new all the time –scientists research how to make the existing innovations better or explore the world in a better way, and salespeople look for ways how to make their sales better through different kinds of advertising and quality improvement.
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