Human development is a lifelong process. It is beginning before the birth and extending to the death. Every person is being at the stage of personal development. Physical changes always drive this process. It is known, that our personal abilities can grow and decline like our brain`s ability. It is growing in the childhood and it is reducing in the old age.
This work has provided important information about the multiple of pathways that development may take throughout the world. Despite this progress, many issues remain unresolved. The contributions to this volume begin to address these issues by building on the theoretical and empirical work.
We are carefully studied three of developments: physical development, cognitive Also, psychosocial development which is also very important.
Physical development influenced by physical growth, as our changing body and brain, development and psychosocial development. We can say that various scholars define physical development in a diferent ways. But most of them break this process into 8 stages including infancy, early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood; middle age and old age. Some scholars add to this «very old age». Each stage includes specific physical changes. These changes can affect the individual`s cognitive and psychosocial development.
Cognitive development means the acquisition of the person’s ability to reason and solve problems. Jean Piaget, who is one of the developmental psychologist in Switzerland developed the main theory in the cognitive development.
Jean Piaget broke the childhood cognitive development into 4 important stages. It is starting from the birth and continue to the adult life.
Psychosocial development was purely studied by Erik Erikson, who is a German developmental psychologist. He divided the psychosocial development process into 8 stages(Wadsworth, Barry J.2003). According to Erikson’s researches, a person can face any psychological conflict which should be resolved in order to progress developmentally. Moving from infancy to the old age, these conflicts are trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role diffusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity - that is, creativity and productivity - versus stagnation.
For example, the first psychosocial stage is trust versus mistrust. This stage starts from the child birth to about age one year. The child is provided all his basic needs. It is usually: food, warm, love, clean and safe panties etc. They are going to learn some new information about another people, that they can trust them, communicate with them and to take care of them. Also, they really believe that the world is perfect.
In that case, when parents could not give to their child all of these, a child is going to believe that he can not take the support of other people. He can not trust them. When infants starting to learn how to trust other people it will be their first necessary step to learning how to have been loving, how to have the supportive relationships with others and to have a positive self-image.
The second stage, autonomy versus shame and doubt, spanning from 1 to 3 years …